@wiki 53207 2008-06-08T05:02:49Z @wiki::503/ 2008-06-08 2008-06-08T05:02:49Z

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@wiki::502/ 2008-04-28 2008-04-28T03:08:21Z

-Word for concentration or death camp; used in Levi’s novel -Auschwitz, Majdanek, Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka “Outside the men on night-shift were handling a convoy of some 3,000 men, women and children, who had been led from their train into the hall 200 yards long and prominently labeled in various languages, Baths and Disinfecting Room.’ Here they had been told to strip, supervised by the S.S. and the Sonderkommando. They were then led into a second hall, where the S.S. and Sonderkommando left them. Meanwhile, vans painted with the insignia of the Red Cross had brought up supplies of Zyklon B cystals. The 3,000 were then sealed in and gassed.” “20 minutes later the patented mechanical ventilators were turned on to dispel the remaining fumes. Men of the Sonderkommando, wearing gas masks and rubber boots, entered the gas chamber. They found the naked bodies piled in a pyramid that revealed the last collective struggle of the dying to reach clean air near the ceiling; the weakest lay crushed at the bottom while the strongest bestrode the rest at the top. … [The corpses were washed, disentangled and] dragged to the elevators, lowered to the crematorium, the gold teeth removed with pliers and thrown into buckets filled with acid, and the women’s hair shaved from their heads. The desecrated dead were then loaded in batches of three on carts of sheet metal and fed automatically into one of fifteen ovens. ... A single crematorium consumed 45 bodies every 20 minutes; the capacity of destruction at Auschwitz was little short of 200 bodies an hour.”

@wiki::501/ 2008-04-28 2008-04-28T03:02:25Z

-Effective way of mobilizing the population behind the government and intimidating opponents -The public trial as a political tool -Purging the party of old Bolshevik leaders, 1936-1938 -Purging the cultural and military elites -681,692 purges in 1937-1938 -1.3 million in the labor camp system (Gulag)

@wiki::500/ 2008-04-28 2008-08-03T00:12:38Z

- large collective farms called kolhoz created - persecution of kulaks (well-off peasants or political opponents) - famine – estimated 4 million died - forced many peasants into industrial life - deliberately harvested less until they received rights to their own land

@wiki::499/ 2008-04-28 2008-04-28T02:59:57Z

- rose to power after Lenin’s death in 1924 - also totalitarianism - removes Trotsky - end of NEP --> makes a five year plan (1928-1932) - forced, nationalized industrialization and collectivization of agriculture - purges of his enemies - Reached religious proportions by the 1950s - Rewriting of history to aggrandize Stalin’s contributions - Ubiquitous statues and portraits; streets and cities named after him

@wiki::498/ 2008-04-28 2008-04-28T02:24:37Z

Everyone is involved in war—foreign and domestic. Industry supports the war effort through militarization of economy, and women enter workforce. Total war also includes the idea of unrestricted warfare including the direct targeting of civilians. WWI -British naval blockade and German submarine warfare -The Armenian genocide (1915) -Christian Armenians seen as Russian allies - Governmental campaign to deport 1.75 m to Syria and Mesopotamia -Estimated 600,000-1,000,000 died in the process

@wiki::497/ 2008-04-28 2008-04-28T02:15:51Z

- 1919 settlement with Germany at the end of WWI - began with Wilson’s 14 points: permanent peace, “self-determination of all peoples,” and League of Nations - however, propaganda had portrayed Germany as responsible for the war and Germany was made to pay (esp. by Britain and France) - disarmed, could not build air force, navy reduced - war-guilt provision: Germany made to pay massive reparations

@wiki::496/ 2008-04-28 2008-04-28T01:45:11Z

- around 25,000 miles of trenches along Western Front - three lines: front trench is attack trench, second trench is support trench, and third trench is reserves - German trenches had permanent element – kitchens, furniture, electricity, water - French/British kept offensive plan so did not make their trenches fancy - Included artillery, machine guns, barbed wire, exploding bullets, liquid fire, and poison gas Mass killing - Battle of Verdun (Spring/Summer, 1916) - 700,000 on both sides - Battle of the Somme (Summer/Fall, 1916) - 600,000 French/British casualties - 500,000 German casualties - 57,240 casualties – 20,000 dead – the first day - A few miles of movement only - Trench warfare inspires new genre of literature – poetry, All Quiet on the Western Front (Remarque) and Storm of Steel (Jünger)

@wiki::495/ 2008-04-28 2008-04-28T01:08:50Z

- Germany’s plan for WWI based on Count Alfred von Schlieffen - designed for Germany’s efficient, well-equipped, but outnumbered army - neutralize western front by taking out France and then all resources devoted to Russia on the Eastern Front - overestimated German army’s capabilities - resistance of Belgian and British forces caused problems - diverted forces from the western front because generals feared Russian attack - seemed to succeed for a while and then Britain and France successfully counterattack - this ended the Schlieffen Plan The failure of the swift attack against France led to trench warfare.

@wiki::494/ 2008-04-28 2008-04-28T12:37:21Z

-a part of the modernist movement in art and literature that redefines the traditional views of reality   - instead of realism futurism portrays action; it embraces the fast, industrial, violent pace of the modern world   -F. T. Marinetti, The Futurist Manifesto of 1909:   We intend to exalt aggressive action, a feverish insomnia, the racer’s speed, the mortal leap, the punch and the slap…We will glorify war – the world’s only hygiene – militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of freedom-bringers…We will destroy the museums, libraries, academies of every kind, will fight moralism, feminism, every opportunistic or utilitarian cowardice.